Criminological Activity → Volume 1, Issue 2

Specific Experience of National Guard-Type Units of Foreign Countries in Maintaining Public Order

27.06.2025 Research UZ 🔓 Open Access 👁 4 · 📥 1

Annotation / Abstract

Abstract: This section analyzes the institutional and legal activities of militarized National Guard-type structures in France, the USA, Germany, and Russia in maintaining public order. It explores their powers, public engagement culture, force application standards, legal frameworks, and accountability mechanisms.

Full text

Fransiyaning “Gendarmerie Nationale” tuzilmasining nazorat va mas’uliyati:

  • Har qanday kuch ishlatish yoki ta’sir chorasi qo‘llanilgan holatda jandarm xodimi maxsus report tayyorlashi shart.
  • Fuqarolar o‘z huquqlari buzilgan deb hisoblasalar, Defenseur des droits (Ombudsman) organiga yoki sudga murojaat qilish huquqiga ega.
  • Jandarmlarning harakatlari ustidan prokuratura, ichki audit bo‘limlari va mustaqil kuzatuv organlari tomonidan nazorat o‘rnatilgan.

AQSHdagi National Guard esa ikki yurisdiksiyada — federal va shtat darajasida faoliyat yurituvchi, tezkor safarbar etiladigan tuzilma bo‘lib, jamoat tartibini tiklash, favqulodda vaziyatlarda fuqarolarni qutqarish, tabiiy ofatlarda yordam berish kabi vazifalarni bajaradi [6].

Masalan, 2020-yildagi George Floyd bilan bog‘liq namoyishlar chog‘ida AQSH Milliy gvardiyasi ko‘plab shaharlarda tinchlikni tiklashda politsiyaga ko‘mak bergan.

Bugungi kunda AQSHning National Guard faoliyati “Title 32” va “Title 10 of the United States Code”, shuningdek, “The Insurrection Act (1807)” hamda “Posse Comitatus Act (1878)” asosida huquqiy jihatdan tartibga solinadi.

Uning fuqarolarga ta’sir choralarini qo‘llash vakolati federal (prezident buyrug‘i bilan) va shtat (gubernator buyrug‘i bilan) darajasida farq qiladi [7]. Bularga:

Birinchidan, AQSHning National Guard tuzilmasi o‘z faoliyati davomida “State Active Duty” va “Title 32” hujjatlari hamda shtat gubernatori buyrug‘i asosida tabiiy ofatlar, namoyishlar paytida fuqarolarga nisbatan ma’muriy ta’sir choralarini qo‘llash vakolatiga ega.

Shuningdek, AQSHda Milliy gvardiya to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri hibsga olish, qidiruv o‘tkazish yoki jinoiy ayblov qo‘yish huquqiga ega emas — bu vakolat shtat politsiyasiga tegishli [8].

References

Foydalanilgan manbalar

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  2. École des officiers de la Gendarmerie Nationale rasmiy ma’lumotlari. https://www.gendarmerie.interieur.gouv.fr/eogn
  3. Community Policing in the Gendarmerie. https://www.gendarmerie.interieur.gouv.fr/crgn
  4. Deflem, M. (2002). Policing World Society: Historical Foundations of International Police Cooperation. Oxford University Press.
  5. Code de procédure pénale, Livre Ier, art. 62-78.; Loi n° 2003–239 relative à la sécurité intérieure (Loi Sarkozy); Gendarmerie rasmiy sayti. https://www.gendarmerie.interieur.gouv.fr ; Défenseur des droits, 2023. https://www.defenseurdesdroits.fr ; OECD. Police Use of Force: Legal Provisions and Oversight Mechanisms in France. 2022.
  6. National Guard Bureau. Military Response to Civil Unrest 2020. U.S. Government Publishing Office, 2021. https://www.nationalguard.mil
  7. United States Code, Title 10 & Title 32. https://uscode.house.gov
  8. Posse Comitatus Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1385. https://law.cornell.edu
  9. Congressional Research Service (2020). Deployment of the National Guard in Civil Disturbances.
  10. Department of Defense Directive 5210.56 – Use of Force Policy for National Guard Units.
  11. National Guard Bureau Office of the Inspector General. https://www.nationalguard.mil
  12. Rossiya Milliy gvardiyasi rasmiy sayti. https://rosgvard.ru
  13. Federal qonun №226-FZ “O voyskax natsionalnoy gvardii Rossiyskoy Federatsii” 03.07.2016. http://www.consultant.ru
  14. Kodeks RF ob administrativnyx pravonarusheniyax (KoAP), st. 27.3. https://www.consultant.ru
  15. Ugolovno-protsessualniy kodeks RF (UPK RF), st. 38–164. http://www.consultant.ru
  16. Qonun №226-FZ, 4–5-boblar – “Primeneniye sily i orujiya”.
  17. Human Rights Watch Report (2021). Russia: Police Crackdown on Peaceful Protests. https://www.hrw.org
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  19. Bundesministerium des Innern. Bundespolizei Strategiepapier 2022. Berlin, 2022. https://www.bundespolizei.de
  20. Bundespolizeigesetz (BPolG), 2021. https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bpolg
  21. Bundesministerium des Innern. Struktur der Bundespolizei und GSG 9. Berlin, 2022.
  22. Strafprozessordnung (StPO), §127. https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stpo
  23. European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA). Use of Force by Law Enforcement: Country Report – Germany. 2021.
  24. PoliceChief Magazine (2021). De-Escalation in German Federal Policing Practice.
  25. Britannica.com – GSG 9. https://www.britannica.com/topic/GSG-9
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  27. Bodin J., Bourdin P.-Y. Police et démocratie: la sécurité en question. L'Harmattan, 2018.
  28. Bailey R., Moore J. The Role of the National Guard in Domestic Security. Homeland Security Journal, 2019.
  29. National Guard Bureau Reports (2020–2023). https://www.nationalguard.mil
  30. Bundesministerium des Innern. Bundespolizei Strategiepapier. Berlin, 2022.
  31. Rossiya Milliy gvardiyasi rasmiy sayti. https://rosgvard.ru
  32. OSCE Report on Public Order and Internal Security Institutions. Vienna, 2022.
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APA

Mahmudov, Jasur (2025). Specific Experience of National Guard-Type Units of Foreign Countries in Maintaining Public Order. Criminological Activity, 1(2), 138–144. https://doi.org/

Vancouver

Mahmudov, Jasur. Specific Experience of National Guard-Type Units of Foreign Countries in Maintaining Public Order. Criminological Activity. 2025;1(2):138-144.