Specific Features of Structures Such as the National Guard in Maintaining Public Order: Foreign Experience
Annotation / Abstract
Abstract. This article analyzes the involvement of paramilitary structures, such as the National Guard, in maintaining public order and the resulting criminal procedural issues. Drawing on the experiences of France and Italy, it presents science-based proposals for establishing the "judicial police" institution, aligning legal frameworks for the use of force with UN standards, and strengthening parliamentary oversight in this field.
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Shuningdek, Jonathan Jackson, Ben Bradford va Tom R. Tyler kabi olimlarning “Protsessual adolat va institutsional legitimlik” (Procedural Justice & Institutional Legitimacy) nazariyasi bu boradagi zamonaviy qarashlarning oʻzagini tashkil etadi [5].
Ushbu nazariyaga koʻra, fuqarolarning qonunlarga ixtiyoriy ravishda boʻysunishi va huquqni muhofaza qiluvchi organlar bilan konstruktiv hamkorlik qilishi ushbu organlarning qanchalik qattiqqoʻlligiga yoki qanday turdagi qurollarga ega ekanligiga emas, balki ularning harakatlari jamiyat tomonidan qanchalik adolatli, xolis va qonuniy (procedurally just) deb qabul qilinishiga bevosita bogʻliq.
Tal Jonathan-Zamir, Badi Hasisi va Yoram Margalioth oʻzlarining hamkorlikdagi tadqiqotlarida Isroil milliy politsiyasining ommaviy tadbirlarni boshqarish faoliyatini empirik tarzda tahlil qilishgan [6]. Tadqiqot natijalari shuni ilmiy asoslab berdiki, yuqori darajadagi harbiylashtirilgan taktikalarning qoʻllanilishi (High-Policing Tactics) fuqarolarda davlatga va uning institutlariga nisbatan kuchli dushmanlik kayfiyatini uygʻotadi, ijtimoiy polyarizatsiyani kuchaytiradi va eng yomoni, sudlov tizimiga nisbatan umumiy ishonchsizlikni (distrust in judiciary) shakllantiradi.
Xuddi shu yoʻnalishda tadqiqot olib borgan David Bayley oʻzining qiyosiy tahlillari jamlangan “Patterns of Policing: A Comparative International Analysis” (Politsiya faoliyatining modellari: Xalqaro qiyosiy tahlil) nomli ilmiy ishida Yevropa politsiya tizimlarini oʻrganib, politsiya tuzilmalarida markazlashuv va qoʻmondonlik tizimlarining rolini ikkita asosiy oʻlchamda: qoʻmondonlikning markazlashuvi (centralisation of command) va qoʻmondonliklar soni (number of commands) orqali tahlil qiladi [7].
David Bayley taʼkidlashicha, harbiy maqomga ega boʻlgan politsiya kuchlari (masalan, Jandarmeriya tipidagi kuchlar) davlat uchun favqulodda vaziyatlarda, terrorizmga qarshi kurashish va qishloq hududlarini nazorat qilishda beqiyos ahamiyatga ega boʻlsa-da, kundalik jamoat tartibini saqlashda ularning faoliyati ustidan oʻta kuchli fuqarolik va prokuror nazorati oʻrnatilishi shart [8].
Aks holda, harbiy iyerarxiya va buyruqqa soʻzsiz boʻysunish madaniyati “soddalashtirilgan kuch ishlatish”ga va oxir-oqibat inson huquqlarining qoʻpol ravishda buzilishiga yoʻl ochib beradi.
Xuddi shu pozitsiyani R. W. K. Lau, P. B. Kraska va S. Herzog kabi kriminolog olimlar ham toʻliq qoʻllab-quvvatlab, XXI asrda demokratik davlatlarda politsiya tizimlarining nazoratsiz harbiylashuvi qonun ustuvorligining (erosion of the rule of law) eroziyasi va sud tizimining obroʻsizlanishiga olib kelishi muqarrarligidan ogohlantiradilar [9].
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O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Jamoat xavfsizligi universiteti